内容

目次

I: General Description of the Atmosphere.- 1. Regions and extensions.- 2. Homosphere and heterosphere. Scale height.- 3. Temperature distribution: troposhere, stratosphere, mesophere, thermosphere.- 4. Ionosphere.- 5. Exosphere.- 6. Aurora.- 7. Magnetosphere.- Questions and problems.- II. Atmospheric Chemistry.- 1. Compositions of the air.- 2. minor contituents.- 3. summary of important compounds in atmospheric chemistry.- 4. Water substance.- 5. Cycles of the maih elements.- 6. The sulfur compounds.- 7. The nitrogen compounds.- 8. The carbon compounds.- 9. Photochemical pollution.- 10. The atmospheric aerosol.- 11. Atmospheric of other planets.- Questions and problems.- Chpter III: Radiation.- A. Laws.- 1. Regions of electromagnetic spectrum. Absorption of radiant energy.- 2. Block body radiation. “Short wave” and “long wave#x2019D; radiation in the atmosphere.- B. Solar Radiation.- 3. Absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere.- 4. The Chapman profile.- 5. Photochemistry of the ionosphere.- 6. Ozone in the stratosphere(ozonosphere).- C. Terrestial Radiation.- 7. The greenhouse effect.- 8.Emission and absorption of “long wave” (terrestial) radiation.- 9. Other consequences of the greenhouse effect.- 10. Energy budget.- 11. Effective temperature of the earth and other planets.- Questions and problems.- IV: Atmosphere Thermodynamics and Vertical Stability.- 1. Atmospheric systems.- 2. First principle of thermodynamics, as applied to air and clouds.- 3. Main process in the atmosphere.- 4. Cooling.- 5. Adiabatic expansion without condensation. Potential temperature.- 6. Adiabatic expansion with condensation.- 7. Horizontal mixing.- 8. Vertical mixing.- 9. Vertical stability.- 10. Potential or convective instability.- Questions and problems.- V: Cloud Physics.- 1. Introduction. Classification of clouds.- 2. Condensation of water vapour in the atmosphere. Cloud condensation nuclei(CCN).- 3. Growth of a drop by condensation.- 4. Cloud droplets.- 5. Growth by collision and coalescence.- 6. Warm rain.- 7. Ice formation.- 8. Snow, hail and rain by the ice process.- 9. Ice precipitation.- 10.Artificial modification of precipitation.- Questions and problems.- VI: Atmospheric Electricity.- 1. Electric properties of the atmosphere.- 2. Fair weather electric field and space charge.- 3. Atmospheric ions.- 4. Conducticity.- 5. The fundamental problem of atmospheric electricity.- 6. Thunderstorm electricity.- 7. Lightning.- Questions and problems.- VII: Atmospheric Dynamics.- 1. The description of air motions.- 1.1 The Eulerian description.- 1.2 The Lagrarian description.- 1.3 Basic types of velocity distribution within a small air parcel.- 2. The principal forces acting on a parcel of air in the atmosphere.- 2.1 The gravitational force.- 2.2 The pressure grandient force.- 2.3 The Coriolis force.- 2.3 The frictional force.- 3. The acceleration of an air parcel.- 3.1 The total derivative.- 3.2 The equation of motion.- 4. The continuity equation.- 5. Scale of motion.- 6. Some important features of large-scale atmospheric motions.- 6.1 Hydrostatic equilibrium.- 6.2 The quasi-horizontal nature of large-scale flows.- 7. The relationship between pressure gradient and wind in large-scale middle latitude circulation systems.- 7.1 The geostrophic wind.- 7.2 The variation of geostrophic wind with height.- 8. The thermal circulation.- 9. The general circulation of the atmosphere.- 9.1 The longitudinally-averaged temperature distributions.- 9.2 The Hadley circulation.- 9.3 The observed mean global circulation.- 9.4 The eddy motions.- 10. Air masses and fronts.- 11. The mid-latitude cyclones.- Questions and problems.- Answers to selected questions and to the problems, and indications or their resolution.