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Computer Organization and Design, Second Edition Contents; ComputerOrganization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, SecondEdition; by David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy; Foreword; WorkedExamples; Computer Organization and Design Online; Preface; 1 ComputerAbstractions and Technology; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Below Your Program;1.3 Under the Covers; 1.4 Integrated Circuits: Fueling Innovation; 1.5Real Stuff: Manufacturing Pentium Chips; 1.6 Fallacies and Pitfalls;1.8 Historical Perspective and Further Reading; 1.9 Key Terms; 1.10Exercises; 2 The Role of Performance; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 MeasuringPerformance; 2.3 Relating the Metrics; 2.4 Choosing Programs toEvaluate Performance; 2.5 Comparing and Summarizing Performance; 2.6Real Stuff: The SPEC95 Benchmarks and Performance of Recent Processors;2.7 Fallacies and Pitfalls; 2.8 Concluding Remarks; 2.9 HistoricalPerspective and Further Reading ; 2.10 Key Terms; 2.11 Exercises; 3Instructions: Language of the Machine; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Operationsof the Computer Hardware; 3.3 Operands of the Computer Hardware; 3.4Representing Instructions in the Computer; 3.5 Instructions for MakingDecisions; 3.6 Supporting Procedures in Computer Hardware; 3.7 BeyondNumbers; 3.8 Other Styles of MIPS Addressing; 3.9 Starting a Program;3.10 An Example to Put It All Together; 3.11 Arrays versus Pointers;3.12 Real Stuff: PowerPC and 80x86 Instructions; 3.13 Fallacies andPitfalls; 3.14 Concluding Remarks; 3.15 Historical Perspective andFurther Reading; 3.16 Key Terms; 3.17 Exercises; 4 Arithmetic forComputers; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Signed and Unsigned Numbers; 4.3Addition and Subtraction; 4.4 Logical Operations; 4.5 Constructing anArithmetic Logic Unit; 4.6 Multiplication; 4.7 Division; 4.8 FloatingPoint; 4.9 Real Stuff: Floating Point in the PowerPC and 80x86; 4.10Fallacies and Pitfalls; 4.11 Concluding Remarks; 4.12 HistoricalPerspective and Further Reading; 4.13 Key Terms; 4.14 Exercises; 5 TheProcessor: Datapath and Control; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Building aDatapath; 5.3 A Simple Implementation Scheme; 5.4 A MulticycleImplementation; 5.5 Microprogramming: Simplifying Control Design; 5.6Exceptions; 5.7 Real Stuff: The Pentium Pro Implementation; 5.8Fallacies and Pitfalls; 5.9 Concluding Remarks; 5.10 HistoricalPerspective and Further Reading; 5.11 Key Terms; 5.12 Exercises; 6Enhancing Performance with Pipelining; 6.1 an Overview of Pipelining;6.2 A Pipelined Datapath; 6.3 Pipelined Control; 6.4 Data Hazards andForwarding; 6.5 Data Hazards and Stalls; 6.6 Branch Hazards; 6.7Exceptions; 6.8 Superscalar and Dynamic Pipelining; 6.9 Real Stuff:PowerPC 604 and Pentium Pro Pipelines; 6.10 Fallacies and Pitfalls;6.11 Concluding Remarks; 6.12 Historical Perspective and FurtherReading; 6.13 Key Terms; 6.14 Exercises; 7 Large and Fast: ExploitingMemory Hierarchy; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 The Basics of Caches; 7.3Measuring and Improving Cache Performance; 7.4 Virtual Memory; 7.5 A